The concept of illegal refilling is a legacy idea anchored in anticompetitive practices mainly by multinationals. 

a) All LPG has the same source - same shipment. All traceable from the supply side. Any diversion is negligible and does not justify such tracing. 

b) The cylinder belongs to the consumer and s/he may use it as a flower pot if they so wish and buy LPG from whichever outlet they prefer. Tracing is a privacy violation. 

c) EPRA should enforce on their licencees from the supply end, not on consumers.  

WM

On Wednesday, April 10, 2024, Benson Muite via KICTANet <kictanet@lists.kictanet.or.ke> wrote:

On 10/04/2024 08.48, Edwin Matoke via KICTANet wrote:
>
>
> It Is surprising how until now it is not clear if it will be RFID or IOT, June is two months away.
>
> With the short time frame, IOT seem to be the best option and in this case the Data volume being low, I.e location and ID, Narrow Band(NB) Iot will suffice. Power consumption is also low. And IOT devices are known to have a very long life span with low power consumption. This will be very easy to deploy just needs the devices on cylinders, iot application and contract with MNO,s for the narrow band IOT
>
> This is a great opportunity to utilize the widespread mobile networks and great use case of internet.

There are privacy concerns.  Who will have access to all the location
data?  How well will the data be secured? Even for mobile phone use,
there are some open issues [0]

Technically, LoRaWAN would work with accuracy around 10-100m[1,2,3,4].
Unclear if ODPC has done an evaluation of this.  In agreement with
Lawrence Muchilwa, perhaps understanding where the gas for cylinders
being refilled improperly is obtained from will be easier than targeting
consumers for mass surveillance.  The gas supply chain is rather
centralized and easier to monitor, for example monitoring of LPG supply
trucks and LPG depots.

Moving away from cylinders would also be good.  Deploying a large scale
pipe network would be expensive to deploy and maintain.  Retrofitting
estate areas with local gas supply is feasible, and could be something
that is incorporated into planning approval guidelines.  The US has
guidelines for small scale LPG distribution[5].

0) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking#Privacy

1) GPS-free Geolocation using LoRa in Low-Power WANs -
https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/130478296/paper_final_2.pdf

2) ILLOC: In-Hall Localization with Standard LoRaWAN Uplink Frames -
https://tanrui.github.io/pub/ILLOC-final.pdf

3) Outdoor Localization and Distance Estimation
Based on Dynamic RSSI Measurements in LoRa
Networks: Application to Cattle Rustling Prevention -
https://cpham.perso.univ-pau.fr/Paper/WIMOB19-1.pdf

4) Low-Power LoRa Signal-Based Outdoor Positioning Using Fingerprint
Algorithm  - https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/11/440

5)
https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25245/safety-regulation-for-small-lpg-distribution-systems

>
> On the other hand, RFID will require a countrywide deployment of readers at various points, and a unique application for post processing data. Deployment of this is expensive, operations and maintenance also expensive.
>
> Eng. Edwin M. Ombega
>
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KICTANet is a multi-stakeholder Think Tank for people and institutions interested and involved in ICT policy and regulation.
KICTANet is a catalyst for reform in the Information and Communication Technology sector. Its work is guided by four pillars
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KICTANetiquette : Adhere to the same standards of acceptable behaviors online that you follow in real life: respect people's
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